Introduction: The physical, mental and psychological conditions of health workers have become very important because of their importance in the health of the population in general. It is estimated that health professionals will abuse drugs or alcohol at some time during his career. This research aims to identify the risk factors that are associated with the consumption of psychoactive substances in health workers. Objective: To identify through a theoretical review of qualitative cut, what are the related factors between health workers and the use of psychoactive substances. Methodology: This research is of a qualitative nature through a systematic review, the information was obtained through literature reviews in the related indexed databases: PubMed and EBSCO; the period of time in which the revisions were carried out was between 2005 and 2019, the language that was included in 100% was English. Results: Studies have determined that about 12% of undergraduate and graduate medical students are followed by psychiatry and / or psychology due to problems related to the use of psychoactive substances. Mental health problems, family problems, the level of perceived stress, exhaustion, depression and mood, are associated as risk factors for the consumption of psychoactive substances in health personnel. Approximately 25% of professionals who are undergoing treatment for substance use disorders relapse at least once in the 5-year period, 58% have the first relapses within the first year, having an impact on the return to practice clinic. Conclusion: The consumption of psychoactive substances in health personnel must be detected early in order to prevent this problem.
